Introduction
The pine processionary moth (Thaumetopea pityocampa) is a significant defoliating pest in Mediterranean and temperate regions. Known for its striking larval processions and urticating hairs, this species poses both ecological and public health challenges. This article outlines its full life cycle to aid monitoring and control.
1. Egg Stage
- Females lay 70–300 eggs in cylindrical clusters on pine needles, typically in late summer.
- Egg masses are covered with scales from the female’s abdomen for camouflage and protection.
- Incubation lasts about 30–40 days depending on temperature.
2. Larval Development
- Larvae pass through five instars, feeding on pine needles.
- They construct large silk nests in trees, which serve as shelter during colder months.
- The urticating hairs develop by the third instar, posing a risk to humans and animals.
3. Procession Behavior
- In late winter to early spring, mature larvae descend in characteristic nose-to-tail processions to find pupation sites in the soil.
- This behavior gives the insect its common name.
4. Pupal Stage
- Pupation occurs underground, lasting from several weeks to several months.
- In some cases, pupae may enter prolonged diapause, delaying adult emergence by 1–2 years.
5. Adult Emergence
- Adults are nocturnal moths that live only a few days, just long enough to reproduce.
- They do not feed and are not considered harmful themselves.
Conclusion
Understanding the pine processionary moth’s lifecycle is key to identifying vulnerable stages for control, especially before larvae develop dangerous urticating hairs.
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